栈（stack）是先进后出的数据结构。单调栈在入栈时通过一定规则保持栈内元素有序（单调递增或单调递减），从而把「找左侧/右侧第一个更大/更小元素」从 O(n²) 降到 O(n)。
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These optimizations are difficult to implement, frequently error-prone, and lead to inconsistent behavior across runtimes. Bun's "Direct Streams" optimization takes a deliberately and observably non-standard approach, bypassing much of the spec's machinery entirely. Cloudflare Workers' IdentityTransformStream provides a fast-path for pass-through transforms but is Workers-specific and implements behaviors that are not standard for a TransformStream. Each runtime has its own set of tricks and the natural tendency is toward non-standard solutions, because that's often the only way to make things fast.
However, this flexibility came at a cost for complex routes: